Personal Philosophy of Teaching essays

Individual Philosophy of Teaching papers Of all the lovely things in this world, there are barely any things that outperform the pictures of music in adolescence. For a great many people, our most punctual recollections are profoundly established in music. As youngsters start school, they are prepared to start formal melodic preparing. As a music instruction major, I am headed to impart the delight of music to my future understudies. Music instruction has various advantages. Time after time, we partner music with fun or recess. Nonetheless, I feel, as a music instructor, I must tap the melodic excellence inside kids. Music instructors are the impetus that invigorate childrens melodic knowledge. I need to impart to my understudies the aptitudes expected to create melodic capacities that can be utilized in all pieces of life. Music can give an amazing type of articulation. Kids are equipped for encountering this enchantment. Music is the substance of childrens energetic articulation and experimentation of their general surroundings. Furthermore, gave a fundamental information on music, these kids will be outfitted with a road for communicating what can't be verbally communicated. In spite of the fact that I am mindful that not all understudies will gain my enthusiasm for music, I need to introduce it to them. Subsequent to learning essential data about music, understudies are better prepared to settle on instructed choices about music. As an instructor, I will have the option to impart to them my insight into this incredible type of articulation. ... <!

Traditionl Healers in Latin America Free Essays

Presentation Traditional healers otherwise called curanderismo are significant piece of Latin American culture, society and a lifestyle. Conventional healers have been a piece of Latin American culture for a great many years and even today are considered as significant as the customary human services experts (Avila, 1999). The administrations of these healers are utilized broadly and they are very much regarded and respected individuals from the network. We will compose a custom paper test on Traditionl Healers in Latin America or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Not anybody can be a healer and so as to become one an uncommon ability and broad preparing is required (Avila, 1999). The motivation behind this paper is to talk about the job of conventional healers in Latin American culture and to examine what monetary, social and strict reasons customary healers are still so mainstream these days in Latin America. Who Can Be a Traditional Healer? One of the most intriguing parts of the conventional healers in Latin America is that no everybody can be one. This is a hitting appear differently in relation to conventional clinical experts where calling has become something auxiliary and where a larger number of individuals than not go into the clinical field not due to veritable want to help but since it pays well. The story is totally extraordinary for the conventional healers as the cutting edge is cautiously hand-picked dependent on what is called â€Å"el don† or a blessing (Avila, 1999). This blessing can't be obtained or prepared, an individual either has it or not. Having blessing isn't sufficient however as another student needs to prepare for an exceptionally prolonged stretch of time under the rehearsing customary healer so as to gain proficiency with the dominance and the specialty of recuperating (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Another fascinating qualification between what Latin American customary healers and standard human services experts is the center way of thinking that underlines their work. Customary medication centers around manifestations and causes, while for the conventional healer the most significant center of any issue is profound one, as the sickness is the basically an irregularity that must be remedied (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Healers are additionally very in line with nature and as it will be talked about beneath they depend a ton of common cures, etc (Avila, 1999). Otherworldliness and religion go connected at the hip in light of the fact that as it was referenced above recuperating powers are viewed as the interesting blessing one has gotten from some higher element and along these lines religion assumes significant job in crafted by conventional healers. What Exactly Do Traditional Healers Do? Astoundingly simply like any medicinal services experts, customary healers in Latin America likewise have their own specializations and territories of training. While some have limited and explicit territories, such are botanists or maternity specialists for instance; others frequently have been prepared in different claims to fame and can give the â€Å"full bundle care† (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Notwithstanding the forte every conventional healer consistently thinks about the ailment as a mind boggling sign of issues in physical, passionate and otherworldly planes. Conventional healers use assortment of means in their practices. They get ready different blends, salves, mixtures, oils and different substances for utilizations or for outside use. Be that as it may, the substances are just the piece of the training. There are numerous customs, contributions and supplications that establish mending rehearses. The ceremonies could be detailed and incorporate different articles and things such as birds’ eggs, or water or fire. Every one of these things are accepted to be significant segments in the recuperating procedure and are as a rule some portion of the custom. Healers frequently give their customers different ornaments to secure or to recuperate them including wristbands, pieces of jewelry and different articles. Numerous home grown and plant matters are utilized including normal veggies, flavors and natural products like papaya, potatoes, garlic, cumin, mint and others (Davidow, 1999). At long last customary healers utilize numerous mental methods as they are frequently sharp eyewitnesses and understudy of human instinct (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Numerous healers concede that the utilization of ceremonies is accomplished for the patients’ purpose as it helps in recuperating process. Surprisingly there is a logical help to this idea as the â€Å"placebo effect† shows that something with solid interesting force can convey wanted outcomes. Monetary, Religious, and Social Explanation For the Use of Traditional Healers in Latin America There are various reasons why customary healers are so across the board and regularly utilized in Latin America. One explanation is simply financial as conventional healers are the main clinical consideration numerous families could bear (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Customary healers when all is said in done don't take any cash from their customers and certainly don't take anything from poor customers. They could acknowledge contributions for their administration yet it is done on case to case premise. So hence the most significant monetary motivation behind why healers are utilized is on the grounds that their administrations are free. Another motivation behind why healers are so famous is strict. As it was portrayed above so as to be a healer one must have a blessing from the high profound force (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Healers regularly offer a type of a blend of strict, profound and physical practices that resound with the Latin American people group that has this blend additionally present. Latin American culture is both otherworldly and strict and this is actually what healers do offer. The strict/otherworldly part of recuperating process is something that is strikingly unique in relation to conventional medication and this is the reason healers are so mainstream. They frequently utilize strict items in rehearses and the recuperating procedure including symbols, crosses, etc. At last there is a social clarification for why customary healers are so regularly utilized even today. Healers have been generally a piece of network as well as very much regarded and respected individuals from network. Latin American culture is notable for its solid social ties and solid network sense (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Thus if there should arise an occurrence of ailment or some other ailment the primary response is to go to the network part, a conventional healer than to go the emergency clinic which many couldn't bear the cost of at any rate. Healers likewise offer social and profound help and frequently in any event, directing, in this way making it much almost certain for an individual to look for their assistance. As it was examined above, financial, strict and social explanations behind utilizing customary healers are solid and as a rule they work related much further supporting one another. For instance, when an individual has no cash, he is less inclined to go to a medical clinic. A healer could likewise play into person’s strictness and feeling of network, so this variables together make a customary healer more well known than any neighborhood clinic. End Traditional healers have been and doubtlessly will be within a reasonable time-frame a significant piece of Latin American culture and lifestyle. Customary healers work inside network and are significant and all around regarded individuals from the network. They are frequently the final hotel for poor portions of populace, and the perplexing cooperations of social, strict and financial factors regularly make them more appealing and well known than nearby clinics. Conventional healers regularly have explicit specializations, for example, cultivators or birthing specialists, yet many have various specializations. Not anybody can be a healer as it requires a blessing and broad preparing. Conventional healers offer an assortment of administrations including physical treatment, different cures and ornaments and profound and mental guiding. Otherworldliness is significant piece of training and is one part which makes healers so well known. Conventional healers’ approach contrasts fundamentally from customary medication approach since it is more multileveled and all encompassing. Healers it might be said attempt to address the issues on both physical and otherworldly levels, while the conventional medication regularly centers around physical indications and certainly less on profound parts of sickness. Healers are obviously frequently disapprove of by the clinical network and called â€Å"quack doctors† on the grounds that they don't have formal preparing and training. However Latin American people group despite everything utilize their administrations broadly and amazingly even settler networks like Mexicans in the US for instance, despite everything utilize customary healers. Ongoing appraisals showed that the same number of as 75% of Latin Americans living in Texas utilized customary healers in a single way or the other to either totally or mostly manage their sicknesses or diseases (Tafur, 2009). This pattern is probably not going to change at any point in the near future, after every customary healer have been a piece of Latin American culture for a large number of years. References: Avila E (1999). Lady Who Glows in the Dark: A Curandera Reveals Traditional Aztec Secrets of Physical and Spiritual Health. New York: Penguin Putnam. Davidow J (1999). Implantations of Healing: A Treasury of Mexican-American Herbal Remedies. New York: Simon Schuster. Tafur, M. M. , Crowe, T. K. , Torres, E. (2009). An audit of curanderismo and recuperating rehearses among Mexicans and Mexican Americans. Word related Therapy International, 16(1), 82-88. Trotter, R. T. , Chavira, J. A. (1997). Curanderismo: Mexican American Folk Healing. College of Georgia Press. The most effective method to refer to Traditionl Healers in Latin America, Papers

What Is Interference in Psychology

What Is Interference in Psychology Basics Print Types of Interference in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on March 25, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 06, 2019 Radachynskyi/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In This Article Table of Contents Expand Origins Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference Examples Research Applications View All Back To Top Interference is one theory to explain how and why forgetting occurs in long-term memory. Interference is a memory phenomenon in which some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories. Essentially, interference occurs when some information makes it difficult to recall similar material. Similar memories compete, causing some to be more difficult to remember or even forgotten entirely. Because of this, some long-term memories cannot be retrieved into short-term memory. Have you ever found yourself confusing the memory of one event with another? Such occurrences can be surprisingly common, especially if you are faced with a number of very similar memories. If someone asked you to recall what you had for breakfast last Monday, for example, you might struggle to remember because you have so many similar memories of other meals. There are many different but similar memories encoded in long-term memory, which can make it challenging to recall a specific event and bring it into short-term memory. Origins What causes forgetting? Researchers have long been interested in understanding not only how memory works but why people sometimes forget. Interference theory is just one of several proposed explanations for forgetting. Some important studies have contributed to the development of interference theory. In one of the first studies on the phenomenon of interference, researcher John A. Bergstrom had participants sort cards into two different piles. He found that changing the location of the second pile resulted in slower performance, suggesting that learning the rules for the first task interfered with the memory of rules for the second task. In 1900, researchers Muller and Pilzecker conducted influential studies on retroactive interference. They found that people were less likely to recall nonsense syllables if intervening material was presented 10 minutes or sooner following the original learning task.  They suggested that this indicated that new memories require a period of time to become stabilized in memory, a process they dubbed consolidation. During the late 1950s, psychologist Benton J. Underwood looked at Ebbinghauss famous forgetting curve and concluded that forgetting was influenced not only by time but also by previously learned information. Something called decay theory, for example, elaborates upon Ebbinghaus’s research and suggests that memories decay over time, leading to forgetting. However, a memory may also be susceptible to a number of other influences that affect how well things are recalled and why they are sometimes forgotten. While researchers can control for other factors in a lab setting, the real-world is filled with a variety of events that may also have an impact memory. Many events can take place between the time a memory is encoded and when it is recalled. How rarely (if ever) do you form a memory and then learn nothing new between the formation of that memory and the need to recall that information? Such conditions usually only take place artificially in experimental labs. Any number of these events and memories formed might play a role in interfering with the retrieval of a memory. In your day-to-day life, any number of events, experiences, and new learning can occur between the actual formation of one memory and the need to recall that memory. Researchers have found that when intervening gaps between encoding and recall are filled with other information, then there is a corresponding negative impact on memory. Due to this, it can be challenging to determine if forgetting is because of the passing of time or if it is a consequence of one of these intervening factors. Research suggests, for example, that interfering memories are one factor that can also contribute to forgetting. There are two different types of interference: proactive interference and retroactive interference. Proactive Interference Proactive interference is when older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories. Because older memories are often better rehearsed and more strongly cemented in long-term memory, it is often easier to recall previously learned information rather than more recent learning. Proactive interference can sometimes make it more difficult to learn new things. For example, if you move into a new house, you might find yourself accidentally writing your old address down when filling out forms. The older memory of your previous address makes it more difficult to recall your new address. Retroactive Interference Retroactive interference is when newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories. Essentially, this type of interference creates a backward effect, making it more difficult to recall things that have been previously learned. In the case of retroactive interference, learning new things can make it more difficult to recall things that we already know. For example, a musician might learn a new piece, only to find that the new song makes it more difficult to recall an older, previously learned piece. Research has found that around 70 percent of information is forgotten with 24 hours of initial learning.   While retroactive interference can have a dramatic impact on the retention of new knowledge, there are some effective strategies that can be implemented to minimize these effects. Overlearning is one effective approach that can be used to reduce retroactive interference. Overlearning involves rehearsing new material past the point of acquisition. It means studying and practicing what you have learned over and over, even after you have achieved sufficient mastery of the subject or skill. Doing this helps to ensure that the information will be more stable in long-term memory and improve recollection and performance. Examples of Interference There are many different examples of how interference can influence everyday life. Consider what happens when you learn how to do something new. If you get into the habit of doing something incorrectly, you will probably find it much more difficult to correct the behavior and perform the actions correctly in the future. This is because your previous learning interferes with your ability to remember more recent material, an example of proactive interference. Imagine a student preparing for a history exam. Between learning the information and taking the actual test, many things can take place. A student may take other classes, work, watch television, read books, engage in conversations, and perform many other activities during this intervening period. In addition to general decay caused by the time elapsed, other memories might form that could potentially compete with the material the student learned for his exam. If this student happened to be a history major, he might have even learned and studied material on similar subjects that might pose even greater interference. So when the student goes to take his exam, he may find recalling some information quite difficult. If he has learned subsequent material that is very similar to the original information, recalling facts and details for the exam might be quite difficult. He might find himself mixing updates of historical battles, or even struggle to remember essential details about how and why certain events took place. The memories formed during the interval between the learning and the test interfere with the older memories, making recall much more difficult. There are many other examples of interference and its effect on our memories. After changing your mobile phone number, you have a difficult time remembering the new number, so you keep accidentally giving people your old number. The memory of your old number interferes with your ability to recall your new number.You are trying to memorize a list of items you need to pick up at the grocery store. During the intervening time, you also happen to read a new recipe on your favorite cooking website. Later at the grocery store, you find yourself struggling to remember the items from your shopping list. The competing memory of the recipe’s ingredients interferes with your memory of what you need at the store.Students are often more likely to recall information that they learn shortly before an exam than the material they learned earlier in the term. In this case, newer information competes with the older learning.A native English speaker who is trying to learn French might find that they keep trying to apply the rules of their native language to the new language the y are trying to learn. Older memories interfere with memories of the new information, making it harder to remember the grammar rules for the new language.A teacher may struggle to learn the names of her new students each year because she keeps confusing them with the names of her students from previous years. Research Researchers have been able to demonstrate the effects of interference in numerous studies. They often do this by increasing the similarity of the information presented. For example, participants may be presented with the original information and then after a period of time, presented with more information. When tested on what they recall, interference is observed more frequently when the secondary information contains more similarities to the original material. The more similar two memories are, the more likely it is that interference will occur. In one of the earliest studies on the interference theory of forgetting, researchers had subjects memorize a list of two-syllable adjectives. Later, subjects were asked to memorize one of five different lists. Some of these lists were very similar to the original test material, while others were very different.   For example, some lists contained synonyms of the original words, some antonyms, and some were simply nonsense syllables. Later testing showed that recall improved as the differences between the two lists increased. The more similar the lists were, the more interference there was, leading to more difficulty with recall. In one 2018 study, researchers found that retroactive interference had a negative impact on learning and memory consolidation. After a learning task, some participants were presented with a subsequent interference task at various time points. Some had the second learning task three minutes after learning the first information, while others had it nine minutes after. What the researchers discovered was that the interference task decreased memory performance by as much as 20 percent. Interestingly, interference tended to have a greater negative impact on those identified as fast learners than it did on those identified as slow learners. Interference can play a prominent role in the learning process. Research suggests that previously learning material can have an impact on future learning and, conversely, newly learning information can affect past learning.  One study found that retroactive interference effects were more profound in younger children, but that these effects may diminish as people age. Applications Interference theory can have a number of real-world applications. From a practical, everyday standpoint, one of the best ways to improve your memory for something is to make it stand out. If you are trying to remember something and want to avoid the effects of interference, look for a way to add novelty. Making up a song, rhyme, or mnemonic is one way to help make what you are studying stand out in your memory. By making it memorable and less similar to other memories, it may become easier to recall. Regular practice sessions can also be useful for promoting overlearning and reducing the probability that new memories will interfere with what you are learning now. A Word From Verywell While interference is just one explanation for why we forget, it is an important one. The competition between similar memories might make it much more difficult to recall things you have learned in the past. This interference can also make it much more difficult to recall more recent memories, which can make learning difficult. Studies in lab settings support the existence and impact of interference, but in real-world settings, it is much more difficult to ascertain just how much of forgetting can be linked to the effects of interference. How Human Memory Works

Peace can be described as a state of being between groups...

Peace can be described as a state of being between groups where mutual respect has lead to sense of harmony and cooperation, both spiritually and physically. This idea is expressed in both Christianity and Islam, with the sacred texts of each, the New Testament and Quran respectively, depicting its own guide towards inner peace for its adherents. In Christianity the idea of peace is strongly linked with the prominent figure of Jesus Christ as a model for all adherents follow. Alternatively, in Islam inner peace is achieved through submission to the will of Allah, the supreme creator and following in the footsteps of the founder. Within Christianity, an understanding of peace is derived from the sacred texts of the religion, most notably†¦show more content†¦The divinity of Jesus Christ and Salvation are two Christian beliefs expressed in this parable, because here Jesus’ example is followed and inner peace is achieved, which is both the means and the goal for Christian adherents. Richard Rohr is a Franciscan Friar who explores Jesus and his role as an example of peace for Christian adherents. Rohr references the Beatitudes and the Sermon on the Mount as glorifying examples of both Inner and Global peace, â€Å"Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called the sons of God.† He also expresses the importance of justice in achieving both inner and global peace as stated in the Beatitudes â€Å"Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be filled.† Rohr cites these references as examples of how sacred texts can guide individuals towards achieving inner peace. Pax Christi is an example of a Christian organisation, which has been heavily influenced by Christian scriptures in its effort to spread teachings of inner peace and attain global peace. Islam is another religion where the sacred texts of the religion, most notably the Quran and the Hadith, guide individuals towards achieving inner peace. The word Islam is derived from â€Å"salaam†, meaning peace, and the literal translation of Islam means â€Å"submission.† Therefore Islam refers to the establishment of inner peace and inShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Objectives : Leadership And Management Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pages7 The Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership model 9 Referencing 10 Bibliography 11 â€Æ' Section 1 Introduction Leadership can be described as a method of social influence where one individual can join up the help and support of others in the completion of a common job. A leader merely is someone whom people follow, or as someone who guide or direct others. Leadership can also be defined as organizing a set of people to accomplish a familiar goal. 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Fracking And The Shale Formation - 1300 Words

Fracking The Marcellus Shale formation located in western Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio is projected to supply an equivalent of 45 years of the United States current energy consumption. Worth an estimated five hundred billion, this can translate into cheaper and wider â€Å"variety of products such as plastic, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals.† It can also relate to an â€Å"increase [in] the supply of fertilizer, ensuring the availability of food and reducing†¦the conversion of forests to agricultural farms† (Sovacool 252). The fracking industry will only increase in size in future years, so much so that reclamation of shale gas is called the â€Å"eminent shale gas revolution. British Petroleum [BP], for instance, expects global shale gas†¦show more content†¦While improving production rates, safety, and new methods have lessened environmental impacts. The contents of fracking solution is the basis for much debate and one of the main concerns for many. However, fracking fluid is not the only questionable aspect of fracking. Included is land and infrastructure degradation, physiological harm to local citizens, utilization of legislation loopholes, and the secrecy of fracking fluid formulas within the industry. Fracking, like all industries, has many hazards associated, and has initiated much political discussion at the state and federal levels of government, while inciting concern of local citizens. Fracking is not the cleanest alternative to oil reclamation, but has improved drastically with the introduction of hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is an extremely controversial topic, raising concerns of safety and of economic feasibility by both affected or non-affected citizens and members of government. Nonetheless, the negative attributes of fracking, such as fracking fluid dispersal and other environmental issues are outweighed by the vast economic gains and can be mitigated by a system of regulations and developme nt of new technologies for the industry. The term, â€Å"fracking,† has existed for nearly a half century and has always had the negative connotation of being unclean and associated with many environmental issues and adverse health effects. The massive oil

Cultural and Disease Free Essays

The disease that I am writing about today is Asthma. This disease is a severe allergic reaction in which the bronchial tubes in the lungs swell and become blocked with mucous. The membranes lining the inner walls of the air passages become inflamed, causing the airways to narrow and making it difficult to breathe. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural and Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now Asthma affects roughly 17 million Americans. Five million of those affected by this disease are under the age of 18, making asthma the most common chronic childhood disease. That means that roughly 1 in 20 people out of the general American population including children currently suffer from this incurable disease. This disease causes more than 14 people to die daily from asthma. In my research I found that over the past decades these figures have been steadily increasing in the United State. As our air, water, and food become more polluted with chemicals more people are affected by Asthma. We will continual to see an increase in this disease as long as infants are introduced to solid foods at an early age, and food additives increase, and plants are genetically manipulated to form foods that have a higher allergic potential. Symptoms of asthma may include recurrent attacks of breathlessness, wheezing when breathing out, a dry cough, and excessive mucous. Tightness in the chest during a severe attack, also include sweating and rapid heartbeat, distress and anxiety, an inability to sleep or speak. This disease potentially increased vulnerability to the effects of exposure to air pollutants. There are those who are innately more susceptible to the effects of exposure to air pollutants than others. Those who become more susceptible for example as a result of environmental or social factors or personal behavior and those who are simply exposed to unusually large amounts of air pollutants. Very young children and unborn babies are also particularly sensitive to some pollutants. People with cardio-respiratory disease or diabetes are susceptible to having Asthma. Also people who are exposed to other toxic materials that add to or interact with air pollutants and those who are socioeconomically deprived. When compared with healthy people, those with respiratory disorders such as chronic bronchitis. Asthma has become one of the top chronic conditions in the United States. It disproportionately affects minorities of school age children and youth. Approximately one in 15 Americans suffers from asthma1 and an estimated 4 million children under 18 have an asthma attack each year. Many African-Americans are exposed to unhealthy living and working conditions that trigger more asthma diagnoses than in any other race or ethnic group. Inner- city living conditions typically are crowded and less sanitary, which creates greater exposure to allergens and an increased risk of developing asthma. In a 2002 study, the American Lung Association reported that 71 percent of African- Americans lived in communities where federal air pollution standards were not met, compared to 58 percent of the white population. There are an estimated 1 million to 2 million new cases of asthma diagnosed in the United States each year. Approximately 3 million African Americans have been diagnosed with asthma at some point in their lives. The Prevalence of asthma in African-Americans is 30 percent higher than whites. Although children of all races and ethnicities are affected, asthma appears to be more prevalent among children who are poor, African-American or Puerto Rican. Asthma is the most common childhood chronic disease and is a national public health concern that challenges both health care and school systems. A quarter of the United State population is made up of children, who comprise 40 percent of reported asthma cases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly one in 13 school- age children has been diagnosed with asthma. Many parents are not informed about how to properly manage their hild asthma attacks. This increase pediatric emergency room visits. Medicaid had more severe asthma and used fewer preventive medications than all children in the same managed Medicaid population. Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children, with increasing morbidity and mortality. A genetic predisposition and exposure to allergens have been implicated as major risk factors for the development of asthma. However, increasing evidence indicates that the mother plays a crucial role in mediating the development of fetal-infant immune responses to inhaled allergens. The exact nature and mechanism of this maternal influence and how it might be associated with the development of allergic sensitization and asthma are not clear. Under normal conditions the maternal environment during pregnancy promotes an initial skewed immune response in the offspring which transitions to a non- allergic type response after birth. However the allergic mother’s influence may delay the normal transition to a non-allergic immune response to inhaled allergens in her children increasing the risk for the development of allergic sensitization and or asthma. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which the maternal mmune environment can influence the development of the fetal-infant immune response to inhaled allergens may lead to identifying new targets for the prevention of allergic sensitization and asthma. Asthma cannot be cured, but it can be controlled with proper asthma management. The first step in asthma management is environmental control. Asthmatics cannot escape the environment but through some changes they can control its impact on their health. Some asthmatics use a peak flow meter to gauge their lung function. Lung function decreases before symptoms of an asthma attack occurs. If the meter indicates the peak flow is down by 20 percent or more from your usual best effort an asthma attack is on its way. Other was to managing asthma involves is to use medications. There are two major groups of medications used in controlling asthma attack. Anti -inflammatories corticosteroids and bronchodilators Anti-inflammatories this medication reduces the number of inflammatory cells in the airways and prevent blood vessels from leaking fluid into the airway tissues. By reducing inflammation you can reduce the spontaneous spasm of the airway muscle and reduce having a asthma attach. How to cite Cultural and Disease, Essay examples

ANMC Practice Standards for Nurse Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the ANMC Practice Standards for Nurse. Answer: Outline the main differences between the ANMC Practice Standards for the Registered Nurse and the ANMC Practice Standards for the Practice Nurse As per the ANMC practice standards, the term Practice Nurses (PN) refers to nurses working in a General Practice setting that mainly includes a medical centre wherein the role of the nurse is to assist the GPs in delivering patient care. Practice nurses have qualification for being employed by general practice. PNs are usually considered as a vital part of an efficient and effective clinic wherein they can provide support for providing faster care to patients. These nurses are required to get engaged in the process of counseling patients in relation to lifestyle issues, and management of chronic diseases like asthma and diabetes. In addition, they can also guide in age specific health check-up of children by the physician. Further, PN are required to carry out different routine procedures like helping GPs with surgical procedures and immunizations. The setting of the GP clinic, its size, along with patient demographics is known to influence the exact role of the PN in that particular setting. Apart from clinical care, the role of the PN might include management of patient information, maintenance of clinical equipment, organization of referrals, patient follow-ups and coordination of care plans. In contrast, Registered Nurses (RN) works innursing teams within a health care unit. The RNs practice in an independent and at times in an interdependent manner within a care team, assuming responsibility and accountability of their own actions and delegation of care to other healthcare workers. The role of RNs chiefly encompasses promotion of health, prevention of illness for those with mental or physical illness, rehabilitation needs or disabilities, and alleviation of suffering and pain at the end of life stage. Within a larger healthcare setting, RNs work competently to assess, plan, implement and evaluatenursing care which is implemented in collaboration with professionals from a multidisciplinary team for achieving the set health outcomes of the patient (Australian Nursing Midwifery Federation, 2014). Outline the main differences between the role of the registered nurse in general practice to that of the registered nurse inintensive care The role of registered nurse in general practice is of much significance for delivering care to the patients. The nurse is a part of thenursing team accountable for ensuring that the services delivered are of optimal quality and relevant to the practice population. The primary responsibilities and duties include meeting the patients nursing care needs. Initiation and management of health screening for certain areas of the population is a key responsibility of the RNs in general practice. RNs in general practice are to perform clinical tasks such as performing spirometry, ECG, engaging in health promotion activities, administering medications and monitoring certain drugs, managing and dressing wounds, providing assistance with less invasive surgical techniques, triaging of patients, administering immunizations and providing assistance with disease management activities. Administrative tasks might include equipment sterilization, infection control and managing practice recall systems ( Australian Nursing Midwifery Federation, 2014). The role of registered nurses in the intensive care units in Australia is distinct and significant. The RNs working in the ICUs are to have specialization in nursing for dealing with patients suffering from life-threatening, high dependency condition. The primary responsibilities of registered nurses in ICUs are monitoring of respirator status and haemodynamic status of patients, adjustment of ventilatory support and vasoactive drug, titration of analgesic and sedative therapies, weaning of mechanical support and operation of renal replacement treatment. In addition, they are required to carry out regular care tasks such as noninvasive monitoring, wound care, routine hygiene. Arguably, the quality of care in ICU in Australia is maintained by having the ration of one registered nurse to one patient provided with mechanical ventilation. In addition, some registered nurses have additional responsibilities such as that of a team leader and in-charge of a shift apart from being educators and clinical nurse consultants. RNs in ICUs are to work, as per the requirement, within a multidisciplinary team of physicians, consultants and physiotherapists among other care professionals. Further, they might need to undertake family liaison duties for providing support to patient and family members suffering from life threatening conditions (McKinley, 2007). Describe how the philosophy of Primary Health Care relates to the role of the Registered Nurse in General Practice Primary health care models are being redesigned for increasing the delivery of better quality health care. RNs in Australia are well placed for assuming direct care and leadership role on the basis of their knowledge and competency in alignment with the philosophy of primary healthcare. Primary healthcare focuses on improving health that is perceived as the state of complete mental, physical, and social wellbeing, and not just the absence of any disease. In relation to this philosophy, registered nurses working in general practice are to reaffirm health of patients as a human right. They are to perceive promotion as well as protection of health that includes disparities and social exclusion in health. Further, RNs are to consider peoples participation in the process of planning and implementing care plans. They are required to provide universally accessible, socially appropriate, and scientifically sound first level of care. They might work independently, or interpedently, for maximi zing empowerment, self-reliance and participation in care (apna.asn.au, 2018). References Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation. (2014). National Practice Standards for Nurses in General Practice. Melbourne. McKinley, S. (2007). Australian intensive care nursing. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 23(6), 309-312. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2007.08.007 Primary health care nursing. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.apna.asn.au/profession/what-is-primary-health-care-nursing.

Stem cell research

Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now Comparison Research Paper Example

Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now Comparison Research Paper Example Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now Comparison Paper Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now Comparison Paper the first of these stations was known as the Outer Station and was located near the beach. This was the point in the novel were Marlow met the accountant. The accountant in Conrads novel compares somewhat to the character in Apocalypse Now named Kilgore. You could say that they both dressed in the same manner because they were always dressed so nicely. But before Marlow got to the station he witnessed a French man-o-war firing into the desolate continent. This in a way compares to the way that Kilgore took over the beach by destroying all of its inhabitants. Although they are similar in some ways, they did have very different reasons for doing this. The French ship was firing because they supposedly saw some natives trying to attack their ship. Kilgore took the beach and killed most of its inhabitants just so he and his men could have a good time by going surfing. Although they seem different, they are still so similar because they are destroying human lives just for their entertainment. In the movie between the first and second stations Coppola added something that make it a little more interesting and show us what they are like as they slowly drift further into the darkness and chaos. I am referring to when their patrolboat stopped a boat that contained Vietnamese civilians and supplies. Because a girl made a move towards a basket the soldiers panicked and started to fire wildly, killing everybody onboard. The girl was however only wounded, but Willard coldly executed her. This scene shows us that they were all starting to lose their humanity and turn into some sort of savages. It was like they were all being engulfed by the darkness, one at a time. The next stop in their journey is the Du Lung Bridge, the last military stronghold on the river. This last military outpost somewhat relates to the place in Conrads novel known as the Central Station. This was the place in the novel where Marlow first met the man known as the brickmaker. The brickmaker, as he is known, seems to be some sort of spy for the manager to see what kind of person Marlow is. In the end he mistakes Marlow for being a very important and influential person in Europe. The only similarity between this and Apocalypse Now happened when Willard was looking for the man in charge at the bridge. Because all of the soldiers thought he was an important person, they thought Willard was the leader. The next thing that happened in both the novel and the book was the death of some of their men in ambushes along the way to Kurtzs station. In the novel, the helmsmen died because he was hit with a spear. In the movie, the helmsmen, Chief Phillips is killed by a spear also, but there is also a death of another one of their comrades-Clean. He died in a surprise attack by the Vietcong. These are the points in both the novel and the movie where the characters Marlow and Willard start to lose it. Because Marlow refuses to recognize the black helmsmans humanity, he becomes even more savage. He also believes that the mission is lost. Willard also starts to lose hope in his mission to terminate Kurtz. After these tragic deaths, they finally come upon Kurtzs station where the harlequin is waiting for them. In the novel the harlequin is portrayed as a comical Russian in colorful clothing. In the movie he is portrayed as an American Photo Journalist. They both seem to think that Kurtz is some sort of god and is a man of great intelligence and intellectual thinking. Although after closely examining the area Marlow finds a bunch of heads on posts. Marlow was not very shocked at the sight. He took this as an indication that Kurtz lacked restraint in the gratification of his lusts. Marlow assumed that Kurtz was hollow inside and needed something to fill that. The Russian was irked by Marlows attitude of distrust towards Kurtz. What I find most fascinating is Marlows idea of Kurtz being hollow. This would relate to the poem that Kurtz was reading when Willard was his prisoner-T.S. Eliots Hollow Men. After meeting the harlequin is where the two plot lines start to differ drastically. In the novel, they find Kurtz in the station and bring the sickly looking man back onto the steamer. But during the night Kurtz escapes and plans to attack the people on the steamboat. In the movie Willard is taken prisoner by Kurtz because he knew that Willard was sent here to kill him. While Willard was with Kurtz he learned that you must make a friend of horror and that its judgement that defeats us. But in both the novel and the movie, Marlow and Willard come to their senses and realize the great task remaining before them. They both eventually do kill Kurtz and put and end to his tyranny (although in the novel his death was a little more prolonged). Finally, on his deathbed Kurtz says one of his most famous lines in both the novel and the movie, The horror! The horror! It seems that Kurtz desired power and hated anyone who got in his way. It is also possible that he said this because he was angry that he did not get to finish what he was doing. There was also a similarity in something what Kurtz had once written in the novel, and what Willard had found when he was going through some of Kurtzs documents. These two statements were Exterminate all the brutes (novel) and Drop the bomb, kill them all. (movie) These two sentences are written differently but have the same exact meaning. Here the two Kurtzes sum up what their goal was. It also shows us what was going on in his head, and leads us to wonder whether we are or arent like him. Lastly, is that the endings in the novel and movie are a little different. In the movie Willard just sails away in his PT boat with Lance, but in the novel, Marlow returns home with the packet of papers Kurtz had given him. Here he eventually gives most of the documents away to people like Kurtzs relatives and reporters. But in the end, when Marlow is talking to Kurtzs wife, he does something quite astounding. He lies to her saying that her name was the last words hed spoken. He did this so she would not have to find out about Kurtzs true black heart. He wanted to keep her in her own little world of reality where she was safe from all evil. If she would have found out, it would have led her and many other Europeans to question their own civilization. The novel then ends with Marlow saying that weve been carried out to the darkness but now its coming back with the tide. The movie, Apocalypse Now, dramatically changed the way we look at Heart of Darkness. Because it is expressed visually and in simpler words it is easier to understand the novel and draw conclusions about what is in it. It also made us more aware of the parallels between the Vietnam War and the European colonization of various parts of the world. It helped to lift the veils that were preventing us from seeing the truth behind each topic. It is like what Marlow was talking about at the end of the novel. The fact that governments may be able to hide the truth for a while, but it will eventually come back to haunt them.

Social Psychology (Milgram's studies of obedience) Essay

Social Psychology (Milgram's studies of obedience) - Essay Example 205). This statement become fuel to the controversy over personal dispositions and social factors, and in more fundamental way, over nature versus nurture. In this paper, I will be presenting a summary of different opinions on the Milgram experiment as gathered from various academic writers in scholarly journals. To date, the Milgram experiment continues to be influential in the study of social psychology, and it has various implications in the conduct of research, as well as the research directions that social psychologists have taken. In conclusion, I will be discussing how Milgram’s experiment influenced the understanding of obedience in psychology. I will be drawing primarily from the articles that will be highlighted in this paper. Blass (1991) outlines five distinctive features of Milgram’s experiment which has gained its significant place in social psychology, and its lasting contributions. First, is the significance of the results which was far from the predicted outcome when Milgram ran a separate experiment to get the prediction rates of Yale seniors and a group of psychiatrists. Second, is the fact that Milgram conducted a series of experiments on the topic designing a more comprehensive picture of the phenomenon. Third stems from the controversies that the research has initiated. â€Å"More than any other research in social psychology, the obedience experiments have been embroiled from the beginning in a number of controversies in which they have played a central and enriching role†(Blass, 1991, p. 398). Fourth, is the far-reaching impact of the obedience research in other fields of discipline such as education, political science, communication research and philosophy. Fifth is how the res earch has accounted for discrepancies between the situational and dispositional determinants of behaviour. Although debate is continuing, Milgram’s research has paved the way for inquiry into which accounts for specific behaviours, and to

Music and Mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Music and Mind - Essay Example This paper aims at presenting further research in addition to those previously covered in recitations and lectures. It also aims at presenting new and more challenging ideas to critically understand the subject. Similar to language, music is a manifestation of the human spirit. Music practitioners have been able to convey messages to mankind that would have otherwise been impossible to convey. Music integrates the mind, body and spirit. Music has both beneficial and non-beneficial effects on the human brain. These effects could either be instant or even long lasting. Some effects of music are improving verbal IQ and evoking some colors in the mind. Music also said to help one see happy faces all round. Music and behavior has been previously researched using researches like the Mozart effect. This effect involves a brief effort that is passive with a transient effect. It states that if a person listens briefly to something, they receive a long-term benefit on their lives1. Some people also tend to think that listening to music for young children helps solve their problems. Music has also had transfer effects involving learning of a single task that influences the learning of another. On transfer effects of cognition, it has been found that learning how to listen to music results to an increased reading score. Those who listened to music achieved a better pitch as well as phonemic awareness. It was therefore confirmed that transfer effects did influence the learning to read that involved sounding out words2. Several reports have also shown that music making increases creativity. Under Neuromusical Research, it has been discovered that the human brain has enough ability to respond as well as participate in music. Music is a trait of mankind that is species-specific. The musical brain starts operating at birth where it persists throughout a person’s life. This has been

The Importance Of Transferable Skills Marketing Essay

The Importance Of Transferable Skills Marketing Essay The transferability of one persons skills can reveal the competencies of this person in performing an especial job which can be utilised in the performance of another job. In nowadays working environment, its a critical task to develop personal transferable skills in order to broaden the career options (McCourt and Eldridge 2003). For example, different people have distinct natural abilities to develop the skills like multiple tasks throughout their lives and thus they are applicable to a variety of working situations. The transferable skills are different from the job-related skills which are only utilised in one particular of work. Most of the employers think that the transferable skills are more important because they would like to expect their staffs to use the skills in more than one job even if the work is irrelevant to their previous educational or working experience (Moorhead 2005). This literature review will focus on the importance, implementations, and outcomes of transferable skills which is analysed in Human Resource aspects. The specific transferable skills differ in different preferences of people. For example, if people like to work with information and data, their specific transferable skills may include budgeting, measuring, analysis, research, or surveying. If people who enjoy working with ideas, their specific transferable skills may include developing, restructuring, painting, planning, or problem solving (Block and Betrus 2003). Definition The transferability of skills is defined as the specific capacities which allow the people to achieve in a spacious range of different jobs and tasks (Assiter 1995). It will become an advantage of competitiveness for the people because the transferable skills essence of marketable and tangible can provide the quality value for many organisations (Brown and Lent 2005). Transferable skills can be measured, such as the language or information skills, as well as self-motivation and initiative attribute which are able to be used in the workplace (Foster 1998). This kind of skills tends to be learned by trying to anticipate potential environments of application so that they can be transferred easily. The process is mostly set up the bridges between knowledge levels and capabilities whereby increases transferability (Hakkarainen et al. 2004). An inventory of transferable skills categorises into forty basic skills, such as the basic skill of communication can be separated into the specific skills of questioning, interviewing, listening, and writing. Most of these skills are developed naturally from all aspects of peoples life, and then they can transfer them to their jobs (Lock 2005). According to those definitions of transferable skills, they are all indicating that it can be implemented as any roles in different industries because the skills come from the life upon the basic skills. This can help the people to identify the different personal skills that they have utilised in their living and working environment. However, the critical issue is that people have to comprehend the transition between the basic skills and transferable skills so that they can improve their personal development through the transferability of various jobs. Reason for Transferability of Skills The importance of transferable skills Being a high extent of competitive society, its a crucial task for people to enhance their own forces and thus they are enabled to handle the challenges in different working situations. Hence, the transferable skills can be one of the most effective competencies to those who are new graduates or returning to the working places (NJIT 2010). Its a critical factor that people have to identify their transferable skills from the experiences of the jobs since the title of job never disclosed all the details of the actual work and the formal job description is often different from the facts. This is the reason that its important to anatomise each previous and current job to observe varied skills used on the jobs. After identify the personal transferable skills, it can help to discover the most suitable position in peoples career depends on demonstrating at the work place. It can be also apply to the interviews to show the skills and talents to the employers. Besides that, the transferable skills can be developed from the basic skills of the daily life, such as the language, writing, communication, organising, and self management skills. These basic skills can not be neglected because they will become the accelerant for transferable skills due to the steady foundation (Aswathappa 2005). Once the employees have improved their basic skills in their daily lives and moved on to the development of transferable skill, it would bring them higher social and economic returns. Demands of organisation Transferable skills are valuable to most of the employers and organisations. They would like to offer the staffs with flexibility in their career planning so that they can obtain the transferable skills from a variety of activities (Gardner et al. 2009). For instance, after involved in a large trade event, the employees might gain or enhanced the abilities of teamwork, leadership, and effective communication. In addition, many employers are using on-the-job tests to evaluate the degree of multi-task skills so that they can be trained properly to develop the transferable abilities (Mathis and Jackson 2008). The transferable skills of the employees can help to meet the organisational requirements, utilise the services properly, and increase the efficiency (Randhawa 2007). It also tends to a wide range of capacity at same level when the company is recruiting new staffs (Marchington and Wilkinson 2005). It can be discovered from the job requirements of the organisations which prefer their staffs to gain the transferable skills in order to increase its productivity and working effectiveness. Implementations The needs of transferable skills The transferable skills have become an important aspect for the organisations to measure and evaluate their staffs. The employers will discover the potential of the employees to perform in other roles at same level. The performance can help the company to decide that the developmental needs of the employees and the next paces within the company (Bohlander and Snell 2008). The skills are totally based on the work performance rather than entirely on accessibility and knowledge due to the flexible qualifications (Brown and Lent 2005). For example, the needs of the skills will include assertiveness, negotiating, persuading and influencing, indentifying key issues, data analysis, organising work individually, etc. This can occur to the employees that they are able to listen effectively to the details of a project meanwhile expressing the idea immediately in the meetings.

Employee rewards Essay

Employee reward is about how people are rewarded in accordance with their value to an organization (Armstrong, 2001). It is concerned with both financial and non financial rewards and embraces the philosophies, strategies, policies, plans and processes used by organization to development maintain reward systems. An employee reward system consist of an organizations integrated policies, processes, practice, structures and procedures which will provide and maintain appropriate type and levels of pays benefits and other forms of rewards. The main components of a reward system include processes for measuring the value of jobs, the contribution of individuals’ in those jobs and the range and level of employee benefit to be provided, these processes consist of job evaluation, market rate analyses and performance management (Armstrong,2004). Practice for motivating people by use of financial and non-financial rewards, the financial reward rewards consist of base and variable pay and employee benefits and allowances and non-financial rewards are provided through effective leadership, the work itself and the opportunities given to employees to develop their skills and careers. Structures for relating pay and benefit levels to the value of positions in the organization and for providing scope for rewarding people according to their performance, competence, skill and experience (Gephart&Caroll, 1998). Employee rewards are an effective way to drive performance and reinforce the behavior that helps a company meets its objectives. Pay bands are profiled in terms of the level of required competence, which describe the typical or minimum requirements of the roles allocated to each band. Individual roles are then slotted into the appropriate band by the company their profile with the band profiles. The purpose of pay structure is to organize and demonstrate organizations compensation philosophy and to reflect and support the advancement of the company culture. An effective pay structure allows employees to attract and retain the people who can help achieve our business goals (Jones, 1991). Broad banded pay structure is one in which the range of pay is significantly higher than convectional graded structures. The progression is appropriate because they provide for more flexibility in making and administrating pay decision. Broad banded structure recognizes that in flat organizations career are more likely to develop within more broadly homogenous areas of responsibilities rather than progressing up a number of steps in a clearly defined hierarchy. This structure has few broad bands which reduces the problem of grade drift. More authority is developed to managers to manager rewards in their departments which they can view them as their kingdom. The broad banded pay structure posses a problem of controlling pay decision so that a fair degree of equity and consistency is achieved. Broad banded pay structure requires that the line managers are literate on the issues of pay otherwise the process will be badly managed and complains will arise in the organizational of discrimination in pay. Broad banded pay structure can only succeed in sophisticated organizations with a tradition of good pay practices if this is not adhered to misunderstanding may occur due to irregularities in pay of employees doing the same job. Broad banded pay structure enable line mangers the freedom to manage the pay of their staff within their budget but this can become disadvantageous especially if the managers create their own kingdoms in these departments. Also too much scope for pay progression. The control mechanism in broad banded pay structure can be provided but can be difficult to mange and costly as job evaluation of no longer drive grading decisions (White&Drunken, 2000). Broad banded may pay structure create unrealistic expectation or scope for pay rise as it seems to restrict the scope for promotions making if difficult to understand equal pay progress. All these issues can cause potential problems in an organization that operates a traditional narrow banded structure. Narrow banded structure has ten or more graded and progression is expected to occur in small but relatively frequent steps. Progression is usually linked to performance. It is more appropriate in an organization when the organization is large and bureaucratic with well defined and extended hierarchies. In narrow banded structure pay progression is expected to occur in small but relatively frequent steps (Thrope&Homan, 2000). The culture in the organization having narrow banded structure is one in which mass significance is attached to status as indicated by grindings. This pay structure is appropriate when same little scope of pay is wanted as it facilitates control and clearly indicating relativities. In a narrow banded structure the hierarchy is tall as all the jobs are allocated into a salary grade within the structure on the basis of an assessment of their internal and external value hence it will be difficult for a broad banded pay structure when being introduced in the organization as it is mostly appropriate for flat organization not all hierarchy organization. Each salary grade consists of a salary range in narrow banded structure which can be 10 or more grades while in a broad banded pay structure. It is more flexible and can consist of five to six broad bans. In a narrow banded structure the rate of salary progressive is determined by performance as well as length of service while the broad banded pay structure progression is linked to contribution and competency of the employee. In narrow banded pay structure the number of salary ranges required depends on the lower and upper salary level of the jobs in the structure of an organization, the differentiate between the ranges, and the number of distinct levels of responsibility in the hierarchy which need to be catered for by separate grades. This will create many pay grade which if a broad banded pay structure is introduced in the organization implementation will be difficult as it will be possible to design and differentiate them more accurately as an aid to better precision when grading jobs.

The 1944 Education Act and Its Ramifications to Date

The 1944 Education Act and its ramifications to date The purpose of this essay is to identify the features of the 1944 Education Act and its ramifications. The state of education prior to the 1944 Act will be mentioned and how it mirrored society as a whole. A critical appraisal of justifications for selection and comprehensivisation, as a successor to the tripartite system, will be addressed. This paper will also provide an explanation of the selection process and the arguments and problems that relate to it.I will be analysing the sociological ideas and will be discussing post war trends and events in Britain and education in particular and evaluating how issues of ability, IQ, class, gender and or/ethnicity have affected change. At an appropriate point, mention will also be made of the Nature/Nurture debate and how these factors affect academic achievement. Historically education was only available to affluent males. Grammar schools run by the church taught Latin, Greek and R. E. The fees to attend such schools were extremely high, therefore education and social class were very much linked together.Education for women was only made available to extremely wealthy women of the upper class and only consisted of embroidery, music, singing, painting etc. Women were seen to be pure and virginal and their placement within society was in the home. The lower class members of society really struggled and were not offered many educational opportunities. Eventually education for women was offered but it was very limited. During the eighteenth century there were many developments to education, one being the introduction of charity schools (elementary schools), which were aimed at providing a very basic education for the poor.They were taught the basic 3 R’s which were reading, writing and arithmetic. This empowered them with sufficient literacy to function in society but not enough to challenge or change a society, therefore status quo is maintained. The schools w ere created for the 7 – 12 age groups, so with only 5 years of learning and limited resources, the children were not very rounded. This generation of ill-educated children were only educated to fit a certain role such as factory and shop workers. The 1870 Forster Act & the 1902 Balfour Act were beneficial to the working class in that they created expansion/extension of education.Although they created expansion, it still led to greater numbers of children having a ‘limited education. ’ The 1944 Education Act (‘The Butler Act’) was introduced and aimed to remove the inequalities that remained in the system. Education was now mandatory, the school leaving age was raised from 12 to 15 years old and free secondary education was provided for all pupils. The tripartite system was created consisting of three different types of schools; grammar, technical and secondary modern.Children would be allocated a place in one of these schools dependant on the results of a new examination taken at the age of eleven, known as the ‘11 plus. ’ This was intended to give children of all backgrounds equal opportunities to gain a better education, rather than one based on the ability of their parents to pay expensive fees for private education. It did provide the working class with the opportunity to gain entry to grammar schools but the assessment only focused on three subjects: English, Maths & Logic. If one of those subjects was not your strong point, then your whole life chances were determined of that one exam.Also the 11 plus only focused on a child’s performance on that particular exam day, so if you were ill or were suffering from family or domestic problems that had a bearing on how you were thinking or feeling, it was not taken into consideration. In that respect I feel the 11 plus selective system was unfair. An individual’s opportunity to get the best possible education was all down to that one particular day. Acc ording to Rick Roger’s book ‘Education & Social Class: â€Å"In reality, the notion of ‘equal but different’ failed and parity of esteem between the three different schools was never created.Few technical schools were established and the secondary modern became the cinderellas of the education service despite providing for the majority of the school population. †(Roger 1986: 3) This extract shows that new system didn’t manage to reduce the social division it merely replaced it with a newer form of social division. The nature/nurture debate is neither unique nor particular to the 1944 Act, but it is something to be addressed. Nature, suggesting your intelligence is inherited from your parents and nurture, the belief that learning is affected by the home and the school environment.Relating the debate to the 1944 Act, brings to our attention the difference in education between social classes. The upper and middle class children would have definit ely had advantage over the working class children, in terms of cognitive development, as their parents would have been well educated and able to pass on far greater knowledge. They also would have had better living conditions and quieter homes to concentrate on homework. The working class tended to have many children, shared bedrooms would have been common, which was not the ideal learning environment.The philanthropic aspects of the act were very much linked to the Second World War. The generally poor fitness standards of the working class recruits highlighted to the government that changes needed to be made. Free milk in schools, regular free dental and health checks were therefore introduced. After the Second World War, Butler was faced with societal problems such as rebuilding bomb damaged cities on an epic scale and re-fashioning an educational system. Six years of fighting in the Second World War led to a common bond between people in all walks of life who shared the same valu es and goals to rebuild their country.Butler realised that there was a need for builders, carpenters and engineers to facilitate this. These skills were taught in the secondary modern schools, which 75% of students attended. When the 11 plus exam was introduced it created an element of elitism. Some pupil’s self-esteem would have been lowered due to achieving low grades, making them feel inferior intellectually and socially. Some pupils progress educationally at different rates and ages, this system did not take this into consideration. It was such criticisms that would eventually give rise to the comprehensive school.The comprehensive system was introduced by the labour party in 1965 to replace the tripartite system and is still used today. Rather than having three different schools; grammar, technical and secondary modern it combined all three. From a governmental prospective this proved much more economical. The system offers a wide range of subjects across the academic sp ectrum and the selection process is removed. It gives a greater number of children a better chance of social mobility, teaching children how to get along with one another regardless of class differences.Classes are streamed which means children can move between sets depending on academic ability and individual progress. The advantages are that children work alongside others of the same ability and that certain lessons can be taught in more depth. However streaming and setting does reinforce social division within a school, with an elitist grammar stream. Another disadvantage is that classes are large therefore students don’t always get the individual attention needed. In 1972 the minimum school leaving age was raised to 16. Students could sit GCE or CSE examinations depending on their abilities.In 1988 these examinations were fused together to form the GCSE (General Certificate of secondary education). Over the last 70 years there have been significant changes made to the edu cation system. Girls are now educated on par with boys. The 1948 welfare act, which introduced the NHS and benefits, instigated mass immigration which meant that British schools had to cater for ethnic minorities and different religious beliefs. The integration of different cultures meant that children began to have a better understanding of other countries ways of life but this did also lead to racial discrimination.The 1944 Education Act has narrowed the gap between the social classes. It was unheard of for working class people to attend university but today it is quite common place. However the increase in fees due next year is likely to reverse this trend. It is still the children from the higher social classes that have the advantage of being able to attend public and independent private schools. It is these selective and expensive establishments that give students a greater opportunity to attend the top universities. Bibliography Rogers, R (1986) Education and Social Class. Gr eat Britain: Taylor & Francis Ltd

Staples Case Critique - 1484 Words

Staples Case Analysis Critique 1. What is Staple’s competitive advantage in the online marketplace? The critique team agrees that Staples.com’s competitive advantage in the online marketplace is Staples’ brand name. The analysis team correctly points out that 75% of the market is being served by generic retailers, so that Staples.com can use Staples’ brand name to better reach into that portion of the market. Staples has an established customer network under its brand name from which Staples.com can gain wallet share. Staples.com also has Staples’ customer demand information and consumer feedback databases. The critique team would add that the â€Å"click and mortar† can use Staples’ established distribution and customer service systems†¦show more content†¦The critique team would add that there is likely to be cannibalization of the catalogue business because the models are so closely-related. Staples should commission a study to find estimated rates of cannibalization so that an orderly response can be implemented. The analysis team is also correct that Staples.com should focus on market share over wallet share. The market is very large and growing fast. The critique team would add that by capturing online market share ahead of competitors, Staples.com can reduce the cost of overcoming competitor customer loyalty in the online market. The switching cost will still be absent for many customers that are new to the internet office supplies market. The critique team would add that Staples’ catalogue business increased wallet share by a factor of three. This is the very business that will likely be cannibalized in the ordinary course of business by opening the online store. Staples should not spend too much money on trying to increase wallet share when it will likely be transitioning between business units. However, Staples should still take the opportunity to market services as a way to expand customer wallet. All marketing expenditures on promoting new services market share will spill over into wallet share. Any wallet share campaign on services should be lower priority than market share marketing. 3. Do you think that Staples.comShow MoreRelatedThe Juvenile Justice System Is Creating A Criminal Class758 Words   |  4 PagesSuch reactions and critiques of the juvenile justice system enforce the notion that the juvenile system is creating a criminal class. Black’s theory states that patterns of relationships between the parties involved in a case predict the styles and forms of social control, relationships between intimates would result in more informal handling of cases. Law and formal control arise when informal control is weak and unavailable. 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